Try our free APA citation generator and APA format guide (2023)

Welcome to a complete guide to citing sources and formatting documents in the American Psychological Association style. Below are sample citations and in-text citations, instructions for formatting your article, and basic style information.

What is PAA?

APA meansAmerican Psychological Association, an organization focused on psychology. You are responsible for creating this particular citation style. They are not affiliated with this guide, but all the information here provides guidance on how to use their style and follow it.Publicationshandbuch der American Psychological Association.

What is an APA citation?

APA style is used by many academics and researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, not just psychology. There are other citation formats and styles, such as MLA andchicago quote style, but this one is more popular in science fields.

Following the same standard citation format allows readers to understand the types of sources used in a project and also understand their components.

The information in this manual is based on the seventh edition of thePublication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It describes the correct way to organize and structure a research paper, explains grammar guidelines and how to cite sources correctly. This website was created exclusively by BibMe to help students and researchers focus on APA citation creation.

The seventh edition of the publication manual was published in 2020. We discuss the differences between editions 6 and 7 at the end of this guide.

For more information, contact the officialpublication manual.

We cite sources for many reasons. One reason is to give credit to the authors of the paper that helped him in his own research. If you are using someone else's information to help you with your project, it is important to acknowledge that person or group. This is one way to prevent plagiarism. Another reason we create citations is to provide a standardized way for others to understand and potentially take advantage of the sources we use. For more information on quotes, visit this pagecredit work. Also read howBeware of plagiarism.

How does that look?

There are two types of quotes:

• In-text/bracket citations:Those found in the body of a project are called in-text citations/parenthetical citations. You are added to a project when a direct quote or paraphrase is added to your work. These citations contain only the name of the author(s), date, and page number(s), if applicable.
• References:Those found at the end of a project are called references. They are in the reference list (sometimes called APA works, which some teachers cite) located at the end of the assignment. Contains complete information about all fonts used in a project. These types of attributions display the author's name, publication date, title, publisher, URL, and other important information.

Depending on the sources used in your project, the structure of each citation may be different. There is a specific format or structure for books, another for magazine articles, another for websites, etc. Scroll down to find the appropriate APA format structure for your sources.

Although the structure varies between different sources, see below for a full explanation of in-text citations and reference citations.

I still wonder "What is APA format?" For more information on APA references, including access to the American Psychological Association blog, formatting issues, and explanations of references, click this linkfurther reading on style. For more information on using the BibMe (BibMe.com) service to create APA citation website references, see the section below titled "Using the BibMe Online Writing Center to Create Citations for Your APA Reference List or bibliography".

dating bases

List of in-text citations

When using a direct quote or paraphrasing information from a source, include an in-text or parenthetical citation in the body of your project immediately afterward.

An in-text APA citation might look like this:

The author's last name (year) indicates "direct citation" or paraphrase (page number).

The citations in parentheses look like this:

"Direct quote" or paraphrase (author's last name, year, page number).

In such APA citations, the author and the date always go together.

Only literal citations require a page number. Not necessary for circumscribed information, but useful for the reader.

See the section below titled "In-Text or Parenthetical Citations" for a full explanation and instructions.

Complete summary of references

Each source used in your project appears as a full citation on the APA reference page, which is typically the last part of a project.

The structure of each citation depends on the type of source used. Scroll down to see APA format examples of some common source formats.

Most print and offline citations include the following information, usually in this order:

Author's last name, first initial. Middle Initial. (release date).font title. Editor.

Most online citations contain the following information, usually in this order:

Author's last name, first initial. Middle Initial. (release date).font title. URL

To see how each section is formatted, scroll down to the corresponding sections of this guide. There is a section on authors, another on publication dates, another on titles, publishers and online information.

To determine the exact APA citation format for your full citations, scroll down to the section titled Common Examples.

For a detailed explanation of how to format your reference list, scroll down to the section titled Your Reference List.

Here's a quick snapshot of the basics:

All in-text citations throughout the article must be accompanied by an appropriate full reference at the end of the project.

Full references are on a separate page at the end of a project. Title of the page "References"

References are listed alphabetically by the first word in the reference (usually the author's last name, sometimes the title).

1. When the reference begins with the wordsA,As, oo, ignore them and sort the reference alphabetically by the word that follows it.

If you're looking for an easy way to create your references and citations, use BibMe's free APA citation engine, which will automatically format your sources quickly and easily.

dating components

How to structure authors

Authors are displayed in reverse order: last name, first name. Middle Initial. End this information with a period.

Example of APA format:

Kirschenbaum, MA

In the case of an APA citation, all authors listed in a source must be cited. If you are using the BibMe APA Citation Builder, click Add Another Contributor to add more author names. Our free citation generator formats authors in the order you add them.

Multiple authors, same last name:

If your bibliography contains multiple authors with the same last name and initials, enclose the first name in square brackets.

Example:

Brooks, G. [Geraldine]. (2005).March. viking

Brooks, G. [Gwendolyn]. (1949).annie all. Harpers and brothers.

No author:

If the authors are not listed, remove the author information and begin the citation with the title followed by the year in parentheses.

Verlag:

When citing a full book published in APA format, place the names of the publishers in the place of the author, followed by Ed. or ed. in brackets. Below are examples of fully edited book citations and the APA citation format for edited book chapters.

Comparison table:

Use this helpful table to determine how author names are formatted in citations and references.

How to structure release dates

The general structure is:

• year month day
• Example: 1998, March 22

Place the source's publication date in parentheses after the author's name. In APA format for magazines, also indicate the month and day. If no date is available, enter n.a. in parentheses means no date. See Section 9.14 of thepublication manual.

How to structure the title

For book titles:Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and do the same for the subtitle. Capitalize the first letter of all proper nouns as well. Put this information in italics. End with a period.

Example:

It was with the wind.

For articles and chapter titles:Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and do the same for the subtitle. Capitalize the first letter of all proper nouns as well. Do not italicize or quote titles. End with a period.

Example:

The correlation between school libraries and test scores: a comprehensive overview.

For web pages on websites:Same as above. The website title is printed in italics.

Example:

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9).The tale of two skinny. Grantland. http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

For titles of periodicals, periodicals, and journals:Every major word must begin with a capital letter.

Example:

the boston globe

If you think it will help the reader understand the nature of the source, e.g. For example, a brochure, lecture notes, or audio podcast, place a description in square brackets immediately after the title. Capitalize only the first letter.

Example:

New Punx world. (February 15, 2014).a trance state 650[audio file]. https://soundcloud.com/newworldpunx/asot650utrecht

How to structure the information in a publication

publisher location

In previous editions of the publication manual, books and non-journal sources had the place and country of publication. However, the place of publication is no longer given in the seventh edition, except "for works that are associated with specific places, such as lectures on lectures" (p. 297).

For conference presentations, please provide city, state/province/territory, and country. If you are in the United States, abbreviate the state name with the two-letter abbreviation. Put a colon after the place.

Examples:

• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
• Rotterdam, Netherlands:

Volume and number of the magazine

For periodicals, magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, the volume number should appear after the title. Put this information in italics. Put the problem number in parentheses and do not italicize it. Then add the page numbers.

Example:

Education Journal for Library and Information Sciences, 57(1), 79-82.

When citing a newspaper article, add p. or pp. before the page numbers.

How to build the editor

Publisher names do not have to include newspapers, magazines, magazines, and other periodicals.

For books and other sources: You do not need to enter the publisher's name exactly as it appears on the source. Use a short but understandable form of the publisher's name. Remove the publisher, company, and embedded terms. Include books and newspapers if they are part of the publisher's name. End this information with a period (see Section 9.29 inpublication manualfor more details).

Example:

Little Brown and Company would be listed as "Little Brown" in the APA citation.

Oxford University Press would be placed in the citation as follows: Oxford University Press.

How to structure sources online

For sources found online:

• Paste the URL at the end of the citation
• Do not put a period after the URL

If you cite a journal article found online, a DOI number may be attached. This stands for Direct Object Identifier. A DOI or digital object identifier is a unique sequence of numbers and letters assigned by a record. The DOI is used to permanently identify and link your location on the Internet. The DOI is assigned when an article is published and created electronically. If your article has a DOI number, use it instead of the URL, as the DOI number is static and never changes. If the source you cite has a DOI number, add a period after the publication information and then http://dx.doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx. The x's indicate where you should place the DOI number. Do not put a period after the DOI number. See sections 9.35-36 inchespublication manualfor more details.

If you use the automatic BibMe APA reference generator, you will see an area to enter the DOI number.

Example:

Wolf, F. (2017, February 23). Sony just released the world's fastest SD card. http://mashable.com/2017/02/23/sony-sf-g-fastest-sd-card/?utm_cid=mash-prod-nav-sub-st#ErZKV8blqOqO

Chadwell FA, Fisher DM (2016). Open Textbook Making: A unique partnership between the Oregon State University Libraries and Press and the Open State of Oregon.open Practice, 8(2), 123-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.2.290

Need more help and clarification? watch thisgreat resource!

quotes and examples

print book quotes

Author's last name, first initial. Middle name / Initial. (Year of publication).title of the book. Editor.

Example:

Finney, J. (1970).and again. Simon and Schuster.

Looking for an APA formatter? Don't forget that the BibMe APA citation generator creates citations quickly and easily.

Walnuts:When creating an APA book citation, keep the following in mind:

• Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and all subtitles, and the first letter of all proper nouns.
• The full title of the book, including subtitles, must be provided and printed in italics.

Citations from published books

Most published books indicate on the title page or title page that they were published by one or more authors. The format is the same as a printed book, except that the publisher's name goes in the place of the author. Add a parenthesis after the abbreviation (ed.) for a book edited by one author, or (ed.) for a book edited by two or more authors.

Publishers, FM (ed.). (Year of publication).Edited book title. Editor.

Example:

Gupta, R. (Hrsg.). (2003).remote sensing geology. Springer-Verlag.

Quotes from published book chapters

Some edited books contain chapters written by multiple authors. Use the following format to cite an individual author's chapter in an edited book.

Last name of the author of the chapter, F. M. (year of publication). chapter title. In F. M. Surname of the editor (ed.),title of the book(S. x o S. x-x). Editor.

Note that in APA style, the chapter title is not italicized, but the book title is. Also, the chapter author's name is reversed at the beginning of the reference, but the editor's name is written in the standard order.

Example:

Longacre, WA and Ayres, JE (1968). Archaeological Lessons from an Apache Wickiup. In SR Binford and LR Binford (eds.),Archeology in Cultural Systems(S. 151-160). https://books.google.com/books?id=vROM3JrrRa0C&lpg=PP1&dq=arqueologia&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=arqueologia&f=false

In the example above, Longacre & Ayers are the authors of individual chapters and Binford & Binford are the editors of the entire book.

Citing an ebook from an ereader

E-book is short for "electronic book." It is a digital version of a book that can be read on a computer, e-reader (Kindle, Nook, etc.), or other electronic device. Provide the DOI or URL of the eBook, if applicable.

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication).job title. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx the URL

https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx is used when a source has a DOI number. If the ebook you are citing has a DOI number, use it in the APA citation. DOIs are preferred over URLs.

To cite in APA (an ebook example):

Eggers, D. (2008).The circle. https://www.amazon.com

Citing an ebook found in a database and online

Use this format when citing an ebook found on a website or in a subscription database. The APA format for this is very similar to the structure of a printed book. The only difference? Replace the DOI number or URL with the publisher's information.

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication).job title. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx The URL

When citing an online book or eBook, keep the following in mind:

• ADOI(Digital Object Identifier) ​​is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. Therefore, it is important to use it, if any, when creating an appointment. Instead of the x in the DOI format, put the 10-digit DOI number.
• Note that for eBooks, publication information is excluded from the citation.

Example:

Sayre, R. K., Devercelli, A. E., Neuman, M. J. y Wodon, Q. (2015).Investing in Early Childhood Development: A Review of Recent World Bank Experiences. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8

Chapter citations in eBooks

Need to cite a chapter from an eBook? No problem! Citing a chapter from an eBook is very similar to citing a chapter from a printed book. Please provide a DOI number (if available) or URL instead of publisher information.

Last name of the author of the chapter, F. M. (year of publication). chapter title. In F. M. Surname of the editor (ed.),title of the book(p.x o p.x-x). https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx o URL

Epstein WM (1999). The ineffectiveness of psychotherapy. In C. Feltham (ed.),Controversies in psychotherapy and counseling(P. 65-73). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217801.n8

Website Quotes

To cite a web page on a website in APA:

Last name of the author, F.M. (year, month, day of publication).Title of the article or page. Website Name. url

Example citation from the APA website:

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9).The tale of two skinny. Grantland. http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

Citing a website with a group of authors:

group name. (Year, month date of publication).Page title. The string name is included if it is different from the group name. url

Examples:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 3).Be prepared to stay safe and healthy this winter.. https://www.cdc.gov/features/winterweather/index.html

National Park Service. (Dakota del Norte.).Charming landscapes between the parks. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/caves/index.htm

Not finished." means "no date" and is used when there is no release date.

The foregoing follows Section 10.16 of theLaunch guide.

Still wondering how to cite a website in APA? Visit BibMe.com! It is fast, easy and free! Our APA citation engine creates references for many other styles as well!

Citations from journal articles found in print

These days, most magazine articles can be found online, but you might be lucky enough to get a copy of a print version for yourself.look forProject. Then use the following structure as a reference:

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication). article title.newspaper title, volume(Edit), S.-S.

Please note that the article title is only capitalized at the beginning. If there are proper nouns or subtitles, capitalize the first letter of those words as well. The journal article title and volume number are in italics. Also, the journal title is capitalized (all important words are capitalized).

Example:

Nevin, A. (1990). Change the training of special education teachers.Teacher Education and Special Education: Department of Teacher Education Daily Council for Exceptional Children, 13(3-4), 147-148.

Citations from journal articles found online

Databases are a popular place to find quality journal articles. These references have the same format as the print versions, except that the DOI or URL is included at the end. If the article has a corresponding DOI number, use it instead of the URL. No URL? Use the home page of the journal's website for the URL. See section 10.1 et seq.publication manualfor more examples.

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication). article title.Journal title, volume number(edition number), page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxx The URL

Example:

Spreer, P. & Rauschnabel, P.A. (2016). Selling with technology: Understanding resistance to the use of mobile sales assistants in retail.Personal Selling and Sales Management Magazine, 36(3), 240-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2016.1208100

Walnuts:When creating your online citation for news articles, keep the following in mind:

• This citation style does NOT require you to provide access/retrieval dates or database information for electronic sources.
• Use the journal's home page URL if no DOI was assigned and the reference was obtained online. * If the journal article is assigned a DOI number, enter that number in the citation instead of a URL.
• Don't forget that our free BibMe APA generator is easy to use! Check out BibMe Plus while you're at it! if you have onematerial,Connection, oprepositionmisplaced, we'll flag it and make suggestions for quick fixes as you type.

Citations for a print newspaper article

Similar to journal articles, most people use online journal articles for research projects. However, if you receive a printed version, please use this structure for reference:

Last name of the author, F.M. (year, month, date of publication). article title.newspaper headline,pages. xx-xx

Example:

Rosenberg, G. (March 31, 1997). Electronic discovery is proving to be an effective legal tool.The New York Times diesP.D5

Walnuts:When creating your newspaper citation, keep the following in mind:

• The page numbers begin with p. (for single page) or pp (for multiple pages).
• Even if the article appears on non-consecutive pages, include all page numbers and use a comma to separate them. Example: S. C2, C5, C7-C9.
• Include the full date of publication, not just the year as in most references.

Journal Citations Found Online

Use this structure when linking to a newspaper article found on a website or database:

Last name of the author, F.M. (year, month, date of publication). article title.newspaper title.Newspaper home page URL

Example:

Rosenberg, G. (March 31, 1997). Electronic discovery is proving to be an effective legal tool.The New York Times newspaper.http://www.nytimes.com

Walnuts:When citing a newspaper, remember:

• If the article was found on the newspaper's website, provide the URL of the newspaper's home page. For databases, include all URLs provided.
• Multiple lines: If the URL runs on a second line, just separate the URL before any punctuation marks (except http://).
• This style does NOT require you to include the date the electronic sources were accessed. If you have discovered a newspaper article through an online database, the information in the database is also not required for the citation. If you use the BibMe APA Formatter, we've made it easy for you by including only what you need in your references.

quotes for magazines

Quote from a print magazine article:

Author's last name, F. M. (year, month of publication). article title.Magazine Title, Volume(Edit), side panel.

APA citation format:

Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or go?time, 167(15), 3-40.

Walnuts:When citing a journal, remember:

• The volume number can be found in the additional publication information of the journal.
• You can usually find page numbers in the lower corners of a magazine article.
• If you can't find an issue number, just don't include it in the citation.

Quoting a magazine article found online:

Author's last name, F. M. (year, month of publication). article title.Magazine Title, Volume(Production). url

Example:

Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or go?time, 167(15). http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361,00.html

Walnuts:When creating a citation for an online magazine, keep the following in mind:

*The volume and issue number are not always on the same page as the article. Check the other parts of the site before omitting it from the citation.

quotes for blogs

Blogs reside on websites and display constantly updated content and contributions from an individual author, group, or company. A blog features news, ideas, information, and many other types of posts. Like journal entries, a blog begins with the date the information was added, followed by the content.

If you're wondering how to cite a blog post, look no further! Citing a blog is very similar to citing a website.

Quote from a blog post:

Author's last name, first initial. Middle Initial. (The blog post of the year, month and day has been published.) Title of the blog post.Blog Title. URL

Example:

González, J. (February 3, 2019). Let's give our language of instruction a new look.cult of pedagogy.https://www.cultofpedagogy.com/language-makeover/

Please note that the blog title has only one capital letter at the beginning. If the title contains proper nouns, also capitalize the first letter.

Citing a blog post in the body of the article:

(author's last name, year)

O

Author's Last Name (Year)

Citations for research reports

A research or technical report is a work that provides information about research conducted by an individual researcher, a group of researchers, or a company or organization.

Quote from a printed research report:

Last name of the author, FM or organization. (Year of publication).Search report title(Report no.). Editor.

Note: If the publisher is the same as the author, use the name as "author" and do not include the publisher.

Example:

Michigan Venture Capital Association. (2018).annual research report.

Quote from an online research report:

Last name of the author, FM or organization. (Year of publication). Title of the investigation report (Report #). url

Example:

Newson, SE. & Berthinussen, A. (2019). Improve our understanding of the distribution and status of bats in the Ryevitalize Landscape Partnership Scheme area (BTO Research Report #716). https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/publications/btorr716Finalpage.pdf

filmed

Last name of the producer, F.M. (Producer), and Last name of the director, F.M. (Director). (Year of publication).movie title[moving film]. Study.

Example:

Bender, L. (Producer) and Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994).pulp fiction[Movie]. Miramax.

Quotes for movies and videos online:

Person who posted the last name of the video, F.M. [Username]. (year, month, day of publication).Title of Video[Video]. Publication place. url

If the name of the person who posted the YouTube video is not available, start the citation with the username and do not enclose this information in square brackets.

Smith, R. [Rick Smith] (2013, September 20).Favre ein Moos![Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOP_L6hBjn8

Note: If you are discussing a specific part of the film or video in the body of your project, include a timestamp in the text or cite it in parentheses. (Pulp Fiction, 1994, 1:15:30). The timestamp is hours:minutes:seconds.

photo quotes

Citing an image found in a print publication (such as a book or magazine) or a museum:

Last name of the creator, F. M. (year of publication).image title[Format]. Publisher/Museum.

Including the format helps the reader understand and visualize the nature of the image being referenced. It can be [photography], [painting] or some other medium.

Example:

Roege, WJ (1938).San Patricio Cathedral, Fifth Avenue, 50th Street bis 51st Street[Photography]. New York Historical Society.

Quoting an image recovered online:

Similar to citing a printed image, when citing an image found online, enclose the medium or format in square brackets. Capitalize the first letter.

Photographer, F. (year of publication).photo title[Photography]. Editor. url

Example:

Ferraro, A. (2014).Freedom lights up the world[Digital image]. Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/14278571753/in/set-72157644617030616

Quotes for TV/Radio programs

Last name of the author, F.M. (author), and last name of the director, F.M. (director). (year of issue). Title of the episode [TV series episode]. in FM Last Name of Executive Producer (Executive Producer),tv series name. Canal.

Kand, K. (Author), & Fryman, P. (Editor). (2006). Batting Bet [TV series episode]. In C. Bays (Executive Producer),How I Met Your Mother.CBS.

TV/Radio Programs found online:

Author, F.M. (Writer) and Director, F.M. (Director). (year of issue). Title of the episode [TV series episode]. in FM Last Name of Executive Producer (Executive Producer),tv series name. URL

Kand, K. (Author), & Fryman, P. (Editor). (2006). Batting Bet [TV series episode]. In C. Bays (Executive Producer),How I Met Your Mother.https://www.hulu.com/watch/1134858#i0,p30,d0

Supervision:When citing a TV show or episode, keep the following in mind:

• IMDB is a great resource for finding the information you need for your mention (director, writer, executive producer, etc.). *This information can also be found in the opening and closing credits of the show.

Enter what you find into the BibMe APA formatter. We do the work for you and structure your referrals accordingly!

song quotes

To cite a song from an album heard online in APA, use the following structure:

Surname of the composer, F.M. (year of copyright). Song title [Song recorded by F.M. LastName]. Aroundalbum title. Editor. URL

Walnuts:

• If the song is by a band or group, add the name of the band or group instead of a person's name.
• Add the part "Engraved by F.M. Surname" only if it is a person other than the author.
• The format can be cd, online music, mp3 or any other simple description so that the reader can understand the format.

Quick, T. (2008). Love story [song]. AroundBrave. Large machine records.

If you use the BibMe APA citation generator to create your citations, select "Music/Audio" in the source options.

Quotes for job interviews.

A face-to-face interview should NOT be included in a reference list. It is not considered recoverable data (it cannot be found by a search engine). Instead, you should refer to personal interviews as citations in the body of the project.

Example:

(J. Doe, personal communication, December 12, 2004)

Citations for encyclopedia and dictionary entries

Printed encyclopedia/dictionary:

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication). entry title. In F. M. Surname of the editor (ed.),Title of the encyclopedia or dictionary(S. xx-xx). Editor.

Example:

Kammen , C. and Wilson , A.H. (2012). Monument.Encyclopedia of Local History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (S. 363-364). Alta Mira Press.

Online encyclopedia/dictionary with author(s):

Last name of the author, F.M. (year of publication or s.d.). entry title. In F. M. Surname of the editor (ed.),Title of the encyclopedia or dictionary. Editor. Date retrieved from URL

Online Encyclopedia/Dictionary with Group Author:

Name of the publisher or group (year of publication or no date). entry title. InTitle of the encyclopedia or dictionary. Date retrieved from URL

Example:

Merriam Webster. (North Dakota.). Silent. InMerriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved on February 10, 2020 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taciturn

If an entry seems to go through a lot of updates, use "n.d." as the date of publication and indicate the date you retrieved it. When an archived version is used, no recovery date is required.

How to reference a conference

This referencing style would be used when citing a set of lecture notes (for example, PowerPoint or Google Slides provided by your professor).

Citing online scripts or presentation slides:

Author's last name, F. M. (year of publication).Name or title of the conference[Course notes or PowerPoint slides]. url

Example:

Saito, T. (2012).Technology and Me: A Personal Timeline of Educational Technology[The slide a PowerPoint]. http://www.slideshare.net/Bclari25/tecnología-educativa-ppt

Above:If you wish to quote information from your own personal notes from a conference, that is considered personal communication. Notes may not be available online for others to access outside of class. Just reference it in the body of your essay or project. You can follow the style guide for face-to-face communication available in the Interview section.

citing social networks

Social networks are omnipresent, also in research projects. Many influencers post thoughts, inspirational quotes, and fascinating stories on their profiles.

If you need to cite a post from a social media platform, use this structure:

Last name, F.M. or the name of the group that posted the content [@username]. (Year, Month, Day of publication).The first 20 words of the post.[Format]. Name of the Social-Media-Website. url

Last name, F.M. or the name of the group that posted the content [@username]. (Year, Month, Day of publication).The first 20 words of the post.[Format]. Name of the Social-Media-Website. url

A recovery date (page view date) is required for profile pages, as the content may change over time (eg Instagram profile, Facebook page, etc.). The structure for this is:

Last name, F.M. or the name of the group that posted the content [@username]. (North Dakota.).Tweets the Home[Format]. Name of the social networking site. Retrieved from Month, Day, Year, URL

A few things to keep in mind:

• If the name of the person or group is unknown, start the citation with the handle and remove the brackets.
• If the post contains only an image or video with no text, replace the first 40 words of the post with a description of the post and enclose it in square brackets: [video of a NASA rocket leaving the atmosphere].
• The bracketed format can be [tweet], [Facebook status update], [Facebook page], [Instagram photo], [Instagram video], or for a Reddit post [online forum comment].

Quoting a tweet from Twitter:

Example:

BibMe [@BibMe]. (2020, January 22).To cite primary sources ow.ly/fUb950vG3N5[Cheep]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/bibme/status/1219976780746043392

Quoting a Twitter profile:

BibMe [@BibMe] (s.d.).tweets[Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved on February 18, 2020 from https://twitter.com/BibMe

Quote from a Facebook post:

Example:

DeGeneres, E. (2018, December 21).New Year's Eve Party Goals[Facebook status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ellentv/photos/a.182755292239/10157188088077240/?type=3&theater

Quoting a Facebook page:

Example:

Smithsonian's National Institute of Zoological and Conservation Biology. (South Dakota)lar[Facebook site]. Facebook. Retrieved on July 22, 2019 from https://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo

Quote from an Instagram post:

Example:

Lipa, D. [@dualipa]. (2018, December 2).A glamorous little Hollywood brunch! Thank you @variety for the Breakthrough Artist of the Year award and thank you for[Photo by Instagram]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bq33SC2BAsr/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

mesas

Since this citation style is commonly used in scientific disciplines, it makes sense that many students and scientists include tables in their projects.

It's a good idea to include a table in your project when:

• There is a good deal of quantitative information.
• A table would help to understand

Do not write the table information in the body of your paper. Pasting the same information at two points is repetitive. Enter the quantitative information on your paper or use a table.

If you want to add a table, make sure of the following:

• Mention it in the text and provide a short overview or snapshot of its content.
• See table in text with numbers. For example, "Table 3 shows the countries with the highest spending per student."
• Each table must be numbered. The table mentioned closest to the start of the job should be table 1. The next table mentioned in the job is Table 2.
• If you are submitting your project for publication in a journal or elsewhere, please place all your tables in numerical order at the end of your project, after the bibliography. When presenting their project to a class, most teachers prefer tables near citations in the text. Ask your teacher or teachers which one they prefer.
• Each table needs a title. The table title must match the content displayed in the table. Create an easy-to-understand name for your table. Italicize the title and capitalize the first letter of all important keywords.
• Don't add vertical lines, only horizontal ones. Your horizontal lines should be above all column headers.
  • Capitalize the first letter of each important word.
• Your table can be one or two rows. Keep the spacing between boards constant throughout your project.
• If you feel your table needs further explanation, or if you need additional information to help the reader understand, please add a note below the table.
  • A general note provides an overview of all information related to the table and an explanation of any abbreviations or special characters. If you have reproduced part of the table, please also include this information in the general note. Start your general comment with"Supervision."written in italics and ending with a period.
  • A special note explains the information in a single row, column, or cell. Place a small print in the upper right corner of the area to specify the information to be included in the note below.
  • A probability clue shows the number of possibilities in the table. Use an asterisk symbol in the table and indicate the probability in the notes.

Sample table:

Before adding your spreadsheet to your job, use this helpful checklist to confirm that you meet all the requirements:

__ Is it necessary to insert the table?

__ Are only horizontal lines included?

__ Did you include a simple and direct title? is it in italics?

__ Did you use single or double spaces? The APA paper format requires that you keep your worksheets consistent throughout your project.

__ Are the column headers included?

__ Are there notes below the table for better understanding? Are the notes in the correct order? Start with general notes, then add specific notes, and end with probability notes.

__ Did you refer to the table in the written part of your paper?

Do you still have doubts? See Chapter 7 ofpublication manual.

In-text and parenthetical citations

What is an in-text citation or a parenthetical citation?

The purpose of the in-text citations and parentheses is to give the reader a brief idea of ​​where they found your information while reading or viewing your project. You can include direct quotes from another source in the body of your project. Or you can add information that you have paraphrased in your own words. These are called quotation marks in parentheses. Both direct quotes and paraphrased information have a quote next to them. You should also include the full source citation in the bibliography, which is usually the last entry in a project.

In-text citations for direct citations

In-text and parenthetical citations immediately follow a literal citation or paraphrase. They should include page numbers or section information to help the reader locate the citation.

Example:

Buck had to adjust quickly upon arriving in Canada. He explained: "It was not a lazy, sunny life with nothing to do but loiter and be bored. Here was no peace, no rest, no moment of safety" (London, 1903, p. 25).

paraphrased information

If you are taking an idea from another source and expressing it in your own words (a paraphrase), you do not need to include the page number, but you may include it if the source is large and you want to direct readers to the information directly. . .

Example:

Back then, papyrus was used to make paper, but it was only grown in Egypt and was available in large quantities. This was a problem for the Greeks and Romans, but they managed to export it to their civilizations. Therefore, papyrus remained the material of choice for papermaking (Casson, 2001).

How to format citations and parentheses in text

An APA in-text citation displays the author's name directly in the sentence or in the body of the article. Always put the year directly after the author's name. Authors and dates go together like peanut butter and jelly! When citing a direct quote, place the page number at the end of the quote.

Citations in parentheses show the author's name and the year in parentheses after a quote or paraphrase. If you cite a direct quote, include the page number. When paraphrasing, you can decide for yourself if you want to include a page number or not.

Example of different ways of citing in the body of a project:

Smith (2014) states that "the museum effect refers to how individuals see a work of art, but only in the context of viewing that work together with a range of other works" (p. 82).

“The museum effect refers to how individuals see a work of art, but only in the context of seeing that work together with a variety of other works” (Smith, 2014, p. 82).

If your source has two authors, always provide both names for each in-text or parenthetical citation.

Example:(Franks and Beans, 2019)

If your source has three or more authors, just give the name of the first author and follow with et al.

Example:(Gilley et al., 2015)

If your source was written by a company, organization, government agency, or other type of group, include the full name of the group in parentheses in the first text or citation. In all APA citations below, it is acceptable to abbreviate the group name to something simple and understandable.

Example:

1st appointment:

(American Eagle Outfitters /[AEO/], 2017)

2. and the following quotes:

(OAS, 2017)

Still wondering how to cite in-text in APA? What about the quotes in parentheses? Please refer to this page for more information on this.in bracketsquotes. In addition, BibMe's writing tools can help create your in-text and parenthetical citations quickly and easily. At the end of creating a full reference citation, you will see the option to create a citation for the body of your project (in text) in the APA format generator.

Do you need help writing? Try the BibMe Plus correction paper! Upload or copy and paste your article into the text box on the page. We'll run it through our innovative technology and let you know if there is one.adjective,Verb, oPronounout of place and more!

your reference list

The list of all sources used in your project can be found in the bibliography, which is the last page or part of a project. This bibliography contains all the sources that he quoted or paraphrased in the main part of his work. This means that all references found in the bibliography must have a corresponding citation in the text or in parentheses in your project. Where there is one, there must also be the other. Here are general guidelines:

• Your APA reference page should be titled "References."
• Put the title in the middle of the page and make it bold.
• It is not necessary to include personal communications such as personal emails or letters on the referral list. These specific sources only require in-text citations found in the body of your project.
• All references are listed alphabetically by author's last name.
• The entire page must be on two lines.
• Use a hanging indent for all citations. The first line of each citation should be flush with the left margin. Any additional lines are indented half an inch.
• If you have two sources by the same author, sort them by year of publication.
• See the section titled "Title Structure" for rules regarding capitalization of original titles.

Example:

Thompson, H. S. (1971).Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Wild Ride into the Heart of the American Dream. Any house.

Thompson, H. S. (1998).the rum diary. Simon & Schuster.

If there are multiple sources with the same author AND publication date, sort them alphabetically by title.

Example:

Dr. Seuss. (1958).The cat in the hat is back.. Any house.

Dr. Seuss. (1958).Yertle to tortuga. Any house.

If a source has no author, order it alphabetically by the first noun in the title.

Do you need help creating the citations in your APA reference list? BibMe.com will help you generate citations! Start typing a keyword, URL, title, or other identifying information. Try it!

Reference list example:

Here it isMore informationwith working examples and tutorials. See Chapter 9 of thepublication manual.

To format your article in APA:

Do you need to create documents in APA format? Follow these guidelines:

On APA-style paper, the font used throughout the document should be Times New Roman, 12 point. The entire document must be double-spaced, including between titles and APA headings. Margins should be 1 inch around the entire document and indent each new paragraph using the Tab key on your keyboard. See Chapter 2 ofpublication manualfor more details on paper format.

Attach the sides in the following order:

1. Cover (Page 1)
2. General description page (page 2)
3. Text or main part of the research paper (from page 3)
4. reference list
5. Page for tables (if necessary)
6. Image page (if necessary)
7. Attached page (if necessary)

number of pages:The cover counts as page 1. Number the following pages with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4...).

Cover page in APA

Your cover should adorn the front page of your newspaper. It is also sometimes referred to as the APA cover page. There are seven articles on this page:

1. page number
2. job title
3. Name of the authors
4. belonging; Name of your school or institution
5. Course name
6. Teacher Name
7. Paper expiration date.

What is a walking head?

The column header displays the title of your role. It is only required for professional works (for example, dissertations, magazine presentations, etc.).

student workyou don't need a header (but you do need a page number).

If you use one, place the header in the upper left corner of your project and type in all caps. Use the "Heading" option in your word processor. It will automatically put your race head in the correct position on the left bank.

Along the header, on the right edge, add the page number. The APA cover page is 1.

Title page example:

• QUALITY LIBRARY PROGRAMS

Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and many other word processors allow you to set page numbers and a running heading. Use these tools to make this supplement easier for you!

Do you need help determining the title of your article? Keep it simple and to the point. Eliminate unnecessary terms like "An Analysis of..." or "A Study of...", find them. It is recommended to keep it under 12 words and avoid abbreviations.

Order | article | Format and Notes --- | --- | ---0 | All elements except page number | Center lines of two lines1 | page number | Put "1" in the top right corner of the page. Career Roles Only - Add a Career Manager. 2 | job title | 3-4 lines from the top of the page; bold and case sensitive3 | Author(s) Name(s) | Two double-spaced lines below the title. No font formatting (no bold italics, underline). Excludes all titles (such as Dr. or Ms.) and titles (such as PhD). list all employees; if there is more than one, add the word "and" between the penultimate and the last name.4 | Affiliation (school, department, etc.) | No font format. It usually includes the name of your department and university.5 | course name | No font format. Write the name and number of the course in the course materials: ENG 102, JPN301.6 | teacher | No font format. Display the name however you like, including titles and ranks.7 | Document delivery date | month day Year. Example: February 14, 2020

Example title page - student work:

Example of cover page - Professional document:

If you're looking for an APA paper sample, check out the other resources on BibMe.com.

Title levels:

There are many rules to follow when it comes to designing the header and title page, but there are even more rules when it comes to designing the different headers and sections in your research paper.

There are five sizes and styles that follow a top-down approach.

In most cases, scientific articles and case studies have three sections: Method, Results, and Discussion. These three sections are considered "Level 1" and are aligned in the middle of the page and in bold. The additional sections of the article are designed as follows:

Summary of the levels

level | Formatting --- | ---1 | Centered and bold. Use uppercase and lowercase letters.2 | In the left margin and in bold. Use upper and lower case. Begin the next sentence on the next line, indented half an inch from the left margin.3 | Bold and italics in the left margin. Use upper and lower case. Begin your next sentence on the next line, indented a half-inch from the left margin.4 | Back up a half inch from the left. It is in bold. Use upper and lower case. Begin your next sentence on the same line and immediately after the heading.5 | Back up a half inch from the left. It is bold and italic. Use upper and lower case. Begin your next sentence on the same line and immediately after the title.

We've included an image below to help you understand the five titles. Keep in mind that you don't have to have all five titles on your job. You can only use the first two or three. This depends on the types of sections your work contains.

Use the BibMe online writing center to create citations for your reference list or bibliography

Would you like to cite your sources quickly and easily? BibMe can help you generate your citations; Just enter a title, ISBN, URL, or other identifying information.

Click to see itmore styles, and if you want to cite your sources inMLA format, check out the BibMe MLA page. Other citation styles are also available.

BibMe not only helps you create your certificates quickly and easily, but also digitizes your work in innovative waysPlagiatsprüfer. BibMe's writing tools help you check your grammar too! misuse ofAdverb? losing oneinterjection?determiningout of place? BibMe's writing tools will highlight any problem areas and offer suggestions on how to improve your writing. Try it now!

Basic information and history of the APA:

The American Psychological Association was founded in 1892 at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The APA-style format was developed in 1929 by scholars from different fields and scientific backgrounds. His overall goal was the development of a standard method for documenting academic writing and research.

Since its introduction, the Manual of Style has been updated several times and is now in its seventh edition (2020). The previous sixth edition was published in 2009. In 2012, the APA published a supplement to its Sixth Edition Manual, which was a guide for creating an APA-style citation for any type of electronic resource.

Today there are around 118,000 members. There is an annual conference, several databases and periodicals. Some of the most popular features include the PsycINFO database and publications,Journal of Applied Psychology and Health Psychology.

Changes between the 6th and 7th editions

Below is a selection of notable citation differences between the two editions.

For magazine articles withDOI number, enter the DOI as a URL.

Example from the 6th edition:

Lee, C.-H. and Mackinnon, R. (2019). Voltage sensor movements during hyperpolarization in the HCN channel.cell studies. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.006

Example from the 7th edition:

Lee, C.-H. and Mackinnon, R. (2019). Voltage sensor movements during hyperpolarization in the HCN channel.cell studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.006

ForE-books, you no longer need to identify the format.

Example from the 6th edition:

Murakami, H. (2014).coffee costs[Light].

Example from the 7th edition:

Murakami, H. (2014).coffee costs.

CompleteBuchReferences no longer need to show where theEditorEs.

Example from the 6th edition:

Murakami, H. (2014).coffee costs. Londres: Vintage Publishing.

Example from the 7th edition:

Murakami, H. (2014).coffee costs. vintage publisher.

In-text citationsfor fonts withmore than 3 authorsyou can use the notation "et al." for the sake of brevity.

Structure:

(Name of the first author, etc., year of publication)

Example from the 6th edition:

(Anaidike, Braga, Talfah, González, 1980)

Example from the 7th edition:

(Anaydike et al, 1980)

By including aTuned Website URL, do not include the words "Retrieved from" before the quoted URL.

Example from the 6th edition:

Elan, P. (December 6, 2019). "A Reflection of the Inner Life": The show explores the history of the sweatshirt.The guard. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/dec/06/a-reflection-of-inner-life-show-explores-history-of-the-hoodie

Example from the 7th edition:

Elan, P. (December 6, 2019). "A Reflection of the Inner Life": The show explores the history of the sweatshirt.The guard. https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/dec/06/a-reflection-of-inner-life-show-explores-history-of-the-hoodie

The citation format for tables and figures is now the same. For both, include the table number and name above and a note below.

Here are some important changes to the paper format: * Headings are only required for professional (non-student) papers * Only one space should be placed after punctuation * The new style version supports the use of the singular "they" as an option for a gender-neutral pronoun. *The seventh edition encourages the use of "they" as a singular gender-neutral pronoun.* In addition to the article title, author name, and institutional affiliation, a cover for a working student ID must also have the course, the name of the faculty and the expiration date

references

American Psychological Association. (2020).Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(7th ed.). https://doi.org/101037/0000165-000

Updated March 10, 2020

Edited and written by Elise Barbeau and Michele Kirschenbaum.Elise majors in dating and has a master's degree in Public History/Library Science. She has experience in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing. Michele is a Certified Library Media Specialist who loves to quote and teach. She has been writing about citing sources since 2014.